MIHALACHE v. ROMANIA (application no. 54012/10, judgment of 8 July 2019): res judicata of prosecutorial decisions, competent authority to acquit or convict, determination as to the merits of the case, finality of the decision.

A. AND B. v. NORWAY (application nos. 24130/11 and 29758/11, judgment of 15 November 2016): ne bis in idem as a principle of customary international law in the modality of the “exhaustion-of-procedure principle” (Erledigungsprinzip) but not in the modality of the “accounting principle” (Anrechnungprinzip), administrative offences and criminal policy à deux vitesses, tax penalties as a criminal policy instrument, combination of administrative and criminal penalties.