KHAMTOKHU AND AKSENCHIK v. RUSSIA (applications nos. 60367/08 and 961/11, judgment of 24 January 2017): indirect discrimination of male offenders aged between 18 and 65, prohibition of life imprisonment for female, elderly and juvenile offenders, the State obligation to “level up” in case of false positive discrimination based on sex and age.

BIAO v. DENMARK (application no. 38590/10, judgment 24 May 2016): indirect discrimination based on length of Danish nationality or on “race” or ethnic origin, family reunification requirements for resident foreigners and Danish nationals of foreign origin living in Denmark.

VALLIANATOS AND OTHERS v. GREECE (applications no. 29381/09 and no. 32684/09, judgment of 7 November 2013): indirect discrimination of same sex couples based on their sexual orientation, right to enter into a “civil union” contract only for heterosexual couples, legislative omission, the Court’s power to review in abstract the Convention-compatibility of a law, direct action before the Court without prior exhaustion of domestic constitutional remedies, principle of subsidiarity.

FABRIS v. FRANCE (application no. 16574/08, judgment of 7 February 2013): direct discrimination of children born out of wedlock in inheritance law, the direct, erga omnes and retroactive effect of the Court’s judgment, the Court’s power to oversee the execution of its own judgments, the Court’s implicit powers and the balance of power between the Court and the Committee of Ministers

KONSTANTIN MARKIN v. RUSSIA (application no. 30078/06, judgment of 22 March 2012): indirect discrimination of servicemen based on their sex and their professional status, right to parental leave only for servicewomen and women and men outside the military, protection of social rights by the Convention.

ALTINAY v. TURKEY (application no. 37222/04, judgment of 9 July 2013): discrimination of vocational schools’ students in access to the university.

RAVIV v. AUSTRIA (application no. 26266/05, judgment of 13 March 2012): discrimination of Holocaust victim in entitlement to a social pension.